每年Zachary學校都給小朋友作發展評估(preschool developmental accessment),上一次是在Zachary上兩歲班時有過一個評估。
這個評估主要分成幾個大項:1. 社交與情感情緒發展(social and emotional development), 2. 學習方法(approaches toward learning), 3. 語言與溝通技巧(language and communication skills), 4. 認知與常識(cognition and general knowledge), 5. 四肢運動協調發展(physical and motor developement)。每個大項裡在細分成小主題,每個主題有3-5個指標,老師根據小朋友在學校的表現對每個發展指標圈選'尚未開始(Not yet)', '萌芽初期(Emerging)','幾乎掌握精通(Almost mastered)',和'掌握精通(Mastered)'。
三歲半的Zachary大部分都是幾乎掌握精通或是已經掌握,在較弱的語言評估上也是如此,只有少數是開始萌芽,不過細看被老師勾選開始萌芽的項目,其實Zachary也都會,只是都是用中文非英文表達。另外有兩項是Zachary尚未有概念的,一個是沒有時間的概念,Zachary對早上或是下午常搞不清楚,會看時鐘上的指針指到哪個數字,不過還不具有小時分鐘的概念;另一個是用圖表來表達資訊,這一個項目是在preschool開始會接觸學習,不過一般要到幼稚園或是小學才會發展。
拿到這份評估時,也花了些時間和Zachary老師聊聊,Zachary是各方面都發展很快(語言除外,不過現在英文說得多也說得好些)的小孩,尤其是學術上如英文字母和數字的聽說寫Zachary都會。老師知道Zachary會發每字母的自然發音,常會在circle time教發音時點Zachary回答。在社交Social關係上,Zachary也和班上小朋友處的不錯,也特別喜歡和固定幾個一起玩,算是有朋友的小圈圈。不過Zachary只注意自己喜歡的事物,對不敢興趣的事都不放心上,大概這個年紀的孩子都一樣。每次接Zachary時都會問他中午吃什麼,但是他不是回答雞塊就是橘子會是蘋果。跟Zachary老師提起時,老師說也許是Zachary不知道一些食物的名字,尤其是西式食物在家裡比較少吃。看樣子以後要花些時間教Zachary一些食物的名稱。
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附註詳細的評估項目
Preschool Developmental Assessment
- 1. Social and Emotional Development
- Regulation of Emotions
- Shows ability to separate from family and adjust to new social situations
- Recognizes/expresses own feelings
- Displays feelings through words rather than behaviors
- Feelings of Others
- Recognizes the feelings of others and responds appropriately
- Acts to protect the feelings of others
- Self Concept and Self-Efficacy
- Shows confidence in own abilities
- Shows awareness of self as having certain abilities, characteristics, or preferences
- Social Skills with Adults and Peers
- Shares with others
- Interacts with one or more peers
- Uses thinking skills and words to solve conflicts
- Demonstrates a positive attitude toward physical and cultural differenecs
- Seeks help from adults when needed
- Relationships with Peers
- Participates with others as member of a group
- Cooperates with others to play a group game
- Forms friendships that persist over time
- Sustains interactions with others by helping, sharing, cooperating, and expressing interest
- Regulation of Emotions
- 2. Approaches Toward Learning
- Curiosity
- Shows curiosity in exploring objects or events
- Shows interest in new things or novel situations
- Uses a variety of art materials for tactile experience and creative exploration
- Initiative
- Shows persistence in completing a task
- Demonstrates self-direction and independence
- Seeks help when needed to complete a task
- Participates in creative music, frama or dance
- Reflection and Interpretation
- Explores cause and effect
- Makes preductions based on experiences
- Recalls and expresses information from prior experiences
- Creates graphs or charts to represent information
- Expresses self through art
- Participates cooperatively in group music experiences
- Invention and Imagination
- Shows flexibility in solving problems, uses multiple strategies
- Applies knowledge in new ways
- Takes on pretend roles and situations; makes believe with objects
- Curiosity
- 3. Language and Communication Skills
- Listening
- Listens and shows interest in stories read aloud
- Listens during conversations and presentations
- Understands and follows oral directions
- Recognizes rhythm music
- Follows directions stated in an action rhytme or song
- Speaking and Vocabulary
- Uses vocabulary appropriate to age level
- Shows interest in new vocabulary
- Expresses self using words and sentences
- Social Uses of Language
- Participates in conversations with others
- Uses Language to express emotions
- Uses social conventions in language such as “please” or “thank you”
- Questioning
- Asks and/or answers questions
- Creative Uses of Language
- Tells simple stories
- Uses props to dramatize a story
- Nonverbal Communication
- Understands some nonverbal directions – pointing, gestures, etc.
- Uses some nonverbal communication – gestures, signs, etc.
- Phonemic Awareness
- Hears and discriminates letter and word sounds
- Recognizes and uses rhythming words
- Associates sounds with letters
- Literature Awareness
- Shows interest in books and reading
- Identifies a few familiar books
- Comprehension
- Recalls information from prior experiences
- Makes predictions about what will happed next in a story
- Print and Book Awareness
- Associates spoken words and print
- Makes precictions about print based on context clues, such as pictures
- Uses books conventionally
- Recognizes print in the environment
- Recognizes some frequently used words (sight word) in print
- Alphabet Awareness
- Demonstrates knowledge of all alphabet letters
- Story Sense
- Retells a familiar story
- Tells a story with a clear beginning, middle and end
- Writing Process
- Uses scribbles, shapes, pictures, or dictation to represent ideas
- Copies letters written by others
- Writes letters and numbers
- Writes own name
- Listening
- 4. Cognition and General Knowledge
- Physical Knowledge
- Oberves and describes objections, events, or changes in the environment
- gathers data from surrounding or observations
- Uses senses to explore materials or the environment
- Shows understanding of speical relationships and directionality
- Uses tools to investigate
- Identifies similarities and differences
- Logico-Mathematical Knowledge
- Uses numbers to count
- Identifies numerals
- Performs simple addition or subtraction using manipulatives
- Arranges objects in order or in a series based on a characteristics
- Recognizes, copies, and creates patterns
- Estimates qualities with accuracy
- Social-Conventional Knowledge
- Sorts objects into subgroups based on attributes
- Matches objects that share similar characteristeristics
- Identifies and names basic colors
- Identifies and names simple shapes
- Uses measurement tools
- Uses measurement, length or weight words to describe
- Shows awareness of time concepts
- Social Knowledge
- Names and identifies family members
- Shows awareness of neighborhood, resources and occupations
- Identifies the characteristics of places people live, work and play
- Physical Knowledge
- 5. Physical and Motor Development
- Growth
- Demonstrates rate of growth appropriate to age
- Fitness
- Demonstrates stength, stamina, and movement appropriate to age
- Shows energy and physical activity level appropriate to age
- Motor Skills
- Demonstrates large motor skills such as running, jumping, throwing, kicking ,etc.
- Shows balance while moving
- Shows coordinated body movement
- Controls small muscles to use tools such as writing, drawing, painting, cutting, etc.
- Coordinates eye-hand movements
- Creates a drawing with details
- Functional Performance
- Demonstrates increasing independence with self-care skills
- Follows classroom health and safety rules
- Uses classroom materials respectfully
- Follows classroom rules and routines
- Identifies and names body parts
- Growth
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